Europa XXI (2019) vol. 37

Abstract

Ever since Ravenstein’s work on the ‘Laws of Migration’, the determinants/drivers of migration--that is, the question: ‘Why do people migrate?’ – has been at the heart of migration studies. The exploration of migration/mobility processes also emphasizes the ways that migrants decide to leave and embark on their journey and how migratory practices may orient and motivate the (im)mobility decisions and aspirations of other migrant actors, establishing various ‘cultures of migration’ and creating new ‘imaginaries of mobility’ that shape future movements. The paper aims to explore the changing aspirations of migration that influence the migration decision-making of Romanian migrants and the way these are shaped by micro, meso and structural factors in both sending and receiving countries.

Keywords: aspirations, cultures of migration, Romanian migration, territorial inequalities

Loukia-Maria Fratsea [fratsea@hua.gr], Department of Geography, Harokopio University 70, El. Venizelou Street, 17671, Kallithea, Athens: Greece

Citation

APA: Fratsea, L. (2019). The unwritten ‘laws of migration’: Reflections on inequalities, aspirations and ‘cultures of migration’. Europa XXI, 37, 23-36. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.2
MLA: Fratsea, Loukia-Maria. "The unwritten ‘laws of migration’: Reflections on inequalities, aspirations and ‘cultures of migration’". Europa XXI, vol. 37, 2019, pp. 23-36. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.2
Chicago: Fratsea, Loukia-Maria. "The unwritten ‘laws of migration’: Reflections on inequalities, aspirations and ‘cultures of migration’". Europa XXI 37 (2019): 23-36. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.2
Harvard: Fratsea, L. 2019. "The unwritten ‘laws of migration’: Reflections on inequalities, aspirations and ‘cultures of migration’". Europa XXI, vol. 37, pp. 23-36. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.2

Recommended

Setting up a small business in Albania: Return migration and entrepreneurship
Europa XXI (2019) vol. 37

Immigrant social inclusion in Europe: A descriptive investigation
Europa XXI (2019) vol. 37

Population mobility in Bavaria: spatio-temporal features and migration flows in the early 21st century
Europa XXI (2018) vol. 34

Abstract

Seasonal workers are increasingly being used globally to provide a short-term workforce, filling positions in the labour market that are often difficult, dirty and shunned by native born workers. Seasonal schemes are promoted in typically economic terms, offering a triple win where the host society gains from flexible labour; the sending country benefits from remittances and skill transfers; and migrants themselves gain from access to the labour market. However, they have been found to support the uneven economic participation of workers in global production processes and they typically marginalise workers socially. Drawing from examples elsewhere and using Nancy Fraser’s three-dimensional perspective of social justice (2005), this article examines the prospect for developing socially just seasonal work programmes. It is logical that most societies seek to promote seasonal worker schemes that allow workers to be treated according to the rules of justice. And yet, research has shown the exploitation of many different types of migrant workers. Following Fraser, the article asks to what extent recognition, redistribution and representation can be achieved through seasonal worker schemes? It identifies key issues for consideration if social justice is to be upheld.

Keywords: agri-food, migration, seasonal worker schemes, social justice

Ruth McAreavey [ruth.mcareavey@ncl.ac.uk], School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University

Citation

APA: McAreavey, R. (2019). Seasonal worker schemes: can they achieve social justice?. Europa XXI, 37, 37-52. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.3
MLA: McAreavey, Ruth. "Seasonal worker schemes: can they achieve social justice?". Europa XXI, vol. 37, 2019, pp. 37-52. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.3
Chicago: McAreavey, Ruth. "Seasonal worker schemes: can they achieve social justice?". Europa XXI 37 (2019): 37-52. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.3
Harvard: McAreavey, R. 2019. "Seasonal worker schemes: can they achieve social justice?". Europa XXI, vol. 37, pp. 37-52. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.3

Recommended

Editorial: Spatial Justice in Europe. Territoriality, Mobility and Peripherality
Europa XXI (2019) vol. 37

Setting up a small business in Albania: Return migration and entrepreneurship
Europa XXI (2019) vol. 37

Immigrant social inclusion in Europe: A descriptive investigation
Europa XXI (2019) vol. 37

Rural tourism – “an apple of the eye” of rural policy in Poland
Europa XXI (2017) vol. 32

Abstract

In-migration into the EU has become an important issue in recent decades, as an important component accounting for population changes in Europe. In contrast, it was after the fall of communism that out-migration grew into a major – but also relatively new – phenomenon affecting Romania. Especially after 2002, in which year Schengen visa requirements were waived, rapid growth in circular migration was encouraged; with a further migratory wave ensuing after 2007, due to free access to the European labour market. Against that background, work detailed in this paper has sought to provide insights into specific features of the process of out-migration, as this relates to social development. Use was made of statistical data available at NUTS 2 (Development Regions) level, as provided by the National Institute of Statistics; as well as various further data and information from both the World Bank and EUROSTAT. To achieve the objective specified above, efforts have been made to select indicators shown to offer a broad and accurate picture of both out-migration (via an out-migration rate indicator) and levels of social developmental (via a Socially Disadvantaged Index). The effects of what mainly proves to be temporary out-migration are very important, as they drive temporary loss of human capital, with Romania appearing in statistics among the main sources of labour-migration flows.

Keywords: Development Regions, disparities, out-migration, Romania, social development

Bianca Mitrică [biancadumitrescu78@yahoo.com], Institute of Geography, Romanian Academy, Human Geography and Regional Development Department 12 Dimitrie Racoviţă Str., Sector 2, RO-023993 Bucharest: Romania
Nicoleta Damian [nicoleta_damian2002@yahoo.com], Institute of Geography, Romanian Academy, Environmental Geography and GIS Department 12 Dimitrie Racoviţă Str., Sector 2, RO-023993 Bucharest: Romania
Irena Mocanu [mocanitai@yahoo.com •], Institute of Geography Romanian Academy 12 Dimitrie Racoviţă street, Bucharest-2, RO-023993, Bucharest: Romania
Ines Grigorescu [inesgrigorescu@yahoo.com], Institute of Geography, Romanian Academy, Environmental Geography and GIS Department 12 Dimitrie Racoviţă Str., Sector 2, RO-023993 Bucharest: Romania

Citation

APA: Mitrică, B., Damian, N., Mocanu, I., & Grigorescu, I. (2019). Exploring the links between out-migration and social development in Romania. A Development Region-based approach. Europa XXI, 37, 53-70. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.4
MLA: Mitrică, Bianca, et al. "Exploring the links between out-migration and social development in Romania. A Development Region-based approach". Europa XXI, vol. 37, 2019, pp. 53-70. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.4
Chicago: Mitrică, Bianca, Damian, Nicoleta, Mocanu, Irena, and Grigorescu, Ines. "Exploring the links between out-migration and social development in Romania. A Development Region-based approach". Europa XXI 37 (2019): 53-70. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.4
Harvard: Mitrică, B., Damian, N., Mocanu, I., & Grigorescu, I. 2019. "Exploring the links between out-migration and social development in Romania. A Development Region-based approach". Europa XXI, vol. 37, pp. 53-70. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.4

Recommended

The needs of youth and spatial justice. How the inclusion of youth preferences can support targeted regional policies
Europa XXI (2019) vol. 37

The unwritten ‘laws of migration’: Reflections on inequalities, aspirations and ‘cultures of migration’
Europa XXI (2019) vol. 37

Book Review: Territorial Cohesion: A missing link between economic growth and welfare. Lessons from the Baltic Tiger. Edited by: J. Bradley and J. Zaucha. Gdańsk: Uniwersytet Gdański. Katedra Makroekonomii, 2017 ; 261 pages, ISBN 978-83-944797-4-9
Europa XXI (2018) vol. 34

Abstract

Euroregion Baltic faces strong depopulation pressure, with Poland and Lithuania both experiencing marked population declines, especially in rural areas, in the last 20 years – thanks to immigration abroad. Internal immigration to these countries’ cities is also taking place. While Germany, Sweden, Russia and Denmark have achieved temporary improvements in population indicators, this was thanks to their willingness to take in war refugees – a factor therefore incidental in nature, and not impacting upon an overall trend seeing people move out of rural areas in large numbers. With a view to this challenge being addressed in a more permanent way, research described here assessed whether the introduction of youth-policy measures might allow for better revamping of regional policies so as to persuade young people to remain in their regions. An assumption underpinning this work was that departure from a region reflects deficits in spatial justice, first and foremost an unequal distribution of infrastructure vis-à-vis education, housing, recreation, jobs, and so on. To determine which spheres critically underpin a decision to leave, young people’s preferences for their futures were studied under the CASYPOT project, involving 6 localities in four of the Euroregion’s states. In the event, the research was able to confirm a capacity on the part of youth surveys to deliver information on factors critical to decision-making that can be regarded as of value as regional policies are reorientated to try and ensure a higher level of spatial justice. The survey showed that factors most likely to prompt out-migration among young people relate to insufficient educational services and the inadequacy of the labour market. Beyond that, personal (e.g. marriage-related) issues play a role, as do leisure activities. Overall, general economic interest services are confirmed as playing a key role in shaping young people’s decisions to migrate out of an area.

Keywords: migration, policy change management, regional policy, spatial justice, youth policy, youth survey

Przemysław Kulawczuk [przemyslaw.kulawczuk@ug.edu.pl], Faculty of Economics, University of Gdańsk
Andrzej Poszewiecki [andrzej.poszewiecki@ug.edu.pl], Faculty of Economics, University of Gdańsk
Adam Szczęch [adam.szczech@ug.edu.pl], Faculty of Economics, University of Gdańsk

Citation

APA: Kulawczuk, P., Poszewiecki, A., & Szczęch, A. (2019). The needs of youth and spatial justice. How the inclusion of youth preferences can support targeted regional policies. Europa XXI, 37, 71-88. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.5
MLA: Kulawczuk, Przemysław, et al. "The needs of youth and spatial justice. How the inclusion of youth preferences can support targeted regional policies". Europa XXI, vol. 37, 2019, pp. 71-88. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.5
Chicago: Kulawczuk, Przemysław, Poszewiecki, Andrzej, and Szczęch, Adam. "The needs of youth and spatial justice. How the inclusion of youth preferences can support targeted regional policies". Europa XXI 37 (2019): 71-88. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.5
Harvard: Kulawczuk, P., Poszewiecki, A., & Szczęch, A. 2019. "The needs of youth and spatial justice. How the inclusion of youth preferences can support targeted regional policies". Europa XXI, vol. 37, pp. 71-88. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.5

Recommended

Population mobility in Bavaria: spatio-temporal features and migration flows in the early 21st century
Europa XXI (2018) vol. 34

Editorial: Spatial Justice in Europe. Territoriality, Mobility and Peripherality
Europa XXI (2019) vol. 37

The unwritten ‘laws of migration’: Reflections on inequalities, aspirations and ‘cultures of migration’
Europa XXI (2019) vol. 37

Abstract

In this paper, I deal with the phenomenon of Albanian return migration. I focus on the category of returned migrants from Greece, who own a small business in Tirana, the capital of Albania. The aim of the research is to explore the circumstances under which the migrants decided to return and set up a business. I try to analyze the reasons they engaged in entrepreneurial activities through the necessity-opportunity entrepreneurship approach. Some became entrepreneurs out of necessity to avoid unemployment; others because of business opportunities. Within this last group of opportunity-seizing returned migrants, there are some who planned their return and intended to set up a business before migrating. Their objectives in Greece were to save money and gain the know-how enabling them to start and run a business back in Albania.

Keywords: migrant entrepreneurship, motivation, return migration

Kalie Kerpaci [kkerpaci@gmail.com], Faculty of Education, Aleksander Moisiu University of Durres

Citation

APA: Kerpaci, K. (2019). Setting up a small business in Albania: Return migration and entrepreneurship. Europa XXI, 37, 89-103. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.6
MLA: Kerpaci, Kalie. "Setting up a small business in Albania: Return migration and entrepreneurship". Europa XXI, vol. 37, 2019, pp. 89-103. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.6
Chicago: Kerpaci, Kalie. "Setting up a small business in Albania: Return migration and entrepreneurship". Europa XXI 37 (2019): 89-103. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.6
Harvard: Kerpaci, K. 2019. "Setting up a small business in Albania: Return migration and entrepreneurship". Europa XXI, vol. 37, pp. 89-103. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.6

Recommended

The unwritten ‘laws of migration’: Reflections on inequalities, aspirations and ‘cultures of migration’
Europa XXI (2019) vol. 37

Immigrant social inclusion in Europe: A descriptive investigation
Europa XXI (2019) vol. 37

Seasonal worker schemes: can they achieve social justice?
Europa XXI (2019) vol. 37

Abstract

This paper represents an empirical investigation into the risk of poverty and/or social exclusion facing immigrants across Europe. The methodological approach is based on the set of ‘Zaragoza indicators’, in the domain of social inclusion, together with some proposed additional ones: income distribution and monetary poverty, material deprivation, in-work poverty, child poverty and risk of poverty and/or social exclusion. The main research question concerns whether immigrants/third-country nationals and nationals constitute two rather distinct groups in terms of exposure to poverty or social exclusion. Mainly using data from the EU-SILC Survey, we find that third-country nationals are severely disadvantaged in most countries, and are occasionally exposed to risks multiple times higher than nationals. There are European countries with similar immigrant populations in which these immigrants experience less favorable outcomes compared to other populations in other countries. Comparative analysis allows us to test the significance of different welfare systems in protecting vulnerable groups such as immigrants, using Eurostat statistics and the MIPEX index. In a cross-country analysis, taking demographic and macro-economic differences into account, results show that the impact of social expenditure on poverty is not significant when it comes to protecting third-country nationals.

Keywords: immigrants, poverty, social exclusion, social expenditure, Zaragoza indicators

Dionyssis Balourdos [dbalourdos@ekke.gr], National Centre for Social Research (EKKE)
Maria Petraki [mariakpetraki@gmail.com], Social Policy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

Citation

APA: Balourdos, D., & Petraki, M. (2019). Immigrant social inclusion in Europe: A descriptive investigation. Europa XXI, 37, 105-124. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.7
MLA: Balourdos, Dionyssis, and Petraki, Maria. "Immigrant social inclusion in Europe: A descriptive investigation". Europa XXI, vol. 37, 2019, pp. 105-124. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.7
Chicago: Balourdos, Dionyssis, and Petraki, Maria. "Immigrant social inclusion in Europe: A descriptive investigation". Europa XXI 37 (2019): 105-124. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.7
Harvard: Balourdos, D., & Petraki, M. 2019. "Immigrant social inclusion in Europe: A descriptive investigation". Europa XXI, vol. 37, pp. 105-124. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.7

Recommended

Setting up a small business in Albania: Return migration and entrepreneurship
Europa XXI (2019) vol. 37

Depopulation as an opportunity, not a threat to cities and regions: a paradigm change
Europa XXI (2017) vol. 32

Panta rhei? Space of flows in the era of anthropocene and outlooks into a multi-coloured future
Europa XXI (2018) vol. 34