Europa XXI (2025) vol. 48
20th anniversary of the EU's biggest enlargement – territorial implications
Articles
The United Kingdom’s Brexit decision in the context of the 2000s enlargements of the European Union
Europa XXI (2025) vol. 48, pp. 1 | 
Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.1
Abstract
Brexit, or the voluntary withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from membership of the Euro pean Union (EU), is considered as one of the main events of the international arena in the twenty-first century. For the first time in its history, the EU faced the withdrawal of a member state, which stands out for a major political, economic and military role inside and outside Europe. Although as a process it has been finalized in 2021, the factors that had an impact on Brexit are still being discussed. One of the main factors that affected the British people’s vote to withdraw their country from EU membership was immi gration. As a result of the EU enlargements in 2004 and 2007, many people had the opportunity to come to Britain to work and live. The main purpose of this paper is to explain how the enlargements of the EU during the 2000s increased the number of Brexiteers in the UK. For the realization of the research, quali tative methods were used, based on the collection of primary and secondary data from the bibliography and credible internet sources related to the EU enlargement policies and Brexit. The research results have shown that the EU enlargements in 2004 and 2007 enabled hundreds of thousands of citizens from 12 Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries to come to Britain for a better welfare system. This was considered by some Britons as an abuse of free movement and a very serious threat to their future, while Brexit was seen by them as the only salvation from this situation. The conclusions of the paper aim to in crease the knowledge regarding the impact of the EU enlargement policies of the 2000s on very delicate processes, such as the decision of the UK to withdraw from the EU.
Keywords: European Union, 2000s enlargements, impact, United Kingdom, Brexit
[vionarashica@hotmail.com], Faculty of Contemporary Social Sciences, South East European University Ilindenska n.335, 1200 Tetovo: North Macedonia
Citation
APA: Rashica, V. (2025). The United Kingdom’s Brexit decision in the context of the 2000s enlargements of the European Union. Europa XXI, 48, 1. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.1
MLA: Rashica, Viona. "The United Kingdom’s Brexit decision in the context of the 2000s enlargements of the European Union". Europa XXI, vol. 48, 2025, pp. 1. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.1
Chicago: Rashica, Viona. "The United Kingdom’s Brexit decision in the context of the 2000s enlargements of the European Union". Europa XXI 48 (2025): 1. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.1
Harvard: Rashica, V. 2025. "The United Kingdom’s Brexit decision in the context of the 2000s enlargements of the European Union". Europa XXI, vol. 48, pp. 1. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.1
Twenty Years After Enlargement : Review of the achievements and the future role of V4 cooperation
Europa XXI (2025) vol. 48, pp. 3
, Spectra Centre of Excellence of the EU, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Vazovova 5, 812 43 Bratislava: Slovak Republic
Citation
APA: Husár, M., Jaššo, M., & Varis Husar, S. (2025). Twenty Years After Enlargement : Review of the achievements and the future role of V4 cooperation. Europa XXI, 48, 3. https://doi.org/
MLA: Husár, Milan, et al. "Twenty Years After Enlargement : Review of the achievements and the future role of V4 cooperation". Europa XXI, vol. 48, 2025, pp. 3. https://doi.org/
Chicago: Husár, Milan, Jaššo, Matej, and Varis Husar, Sila Ceren. "Twenty Years After Enlargement : Review of the achievements and the future role of V4 cooperation". Europa XXI 48 (2025): 3. https://doi.org/
Harvard: Husár, M., Jaššo, M., & Varis Husar, S. 2025. "Twenty Years After Enlargement : Review of the achievements and the future role of V4 cooperation". Europa XXI, vol. 48, pp. 3. https://doi.org/
The Role of Business Environment in the Growth and Development of Czechia
Europa XXI (2025) vol. 48, pp. 4
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to identify the impact of different types of companies on regional economic performance. It highlights the significant influence of GDP per capita from newly established companies. The study stresses supporting newly established companies, those investing in R&D, and paying higher average monthly wages to foster economic development. The research provides insights for targeted business environment support, aiding regional growth and decision-making.
Keywords: regional development, business environment, factors of regional development, economic performance of regions
[vojtech.tamas@mendelu.cz], Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno: Czech Republic
[radka.redlichova@mendelu.cz], Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno: Czech Republic
[adam.janosec@mendelu.cz], Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Business and Economics Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno: Czech Republic
[ludmila.flokova@mendelu.cz], Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno: Czech Republic
, Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno: Czech Republic
Citation
APA: Tamáš, V., Redlichová, R., Janošec, A., Floková, L., & Sedlmajerová, N. (2025). The Role of Business Environment in the Growth and Development of Czechia. Europa XXI, 48, 4. https://doi.org/
MLA: Tamáš, Vojtěch, et al. "The Role of Business Environment in the Growth and Development of Czechia". Europa XXI, vol. 48, 2025, pp. 4. https://doi.org/
Chicago: Tamáš, Vojtěch, Redlichová, Radka, Janošec, Adam, Floková, Ludmila, and Sedlmajerová, Nikola. "The Role of Business Environment in the Growth and Development of Czechia". Europa XXI 48 (2025): 4. https://doi.org/
Harvard: Tamáš, V., Redlichová, R., Janošec, A., Floková, L., & Sedlmajerová, N. 2025. "The Role of Business Environment in the Growth and Development of Czechia". Europa XXI, vol. 48, pp. 4. https://doi.org/
In memoriam
In Memoriam: Michael Wegener (1938-2024)
Europa XXI (2025) vol. 48, pp. 5 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.5
, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences
[t.komorn@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Science Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw Poland; Committee for Spatial Economy and Regional Planning Polish Academy of Sciences Palace of Culture and Science, 1, 00-901 Plac Defilad, Warsaw: Poland
Citation
APA: Korcelli, P., & Komornicki, T. (2025). In Memoriam: Michael Wegener (1938-2024). Europa XXI, 48, 5. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.5
MLA: Korcelli, Piotr, and Komornicki, Tomasz. "In Memoriam: Michael Wegener (1938-2024)". Europa XXI, vol. 48, 2025, pp. 5. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.5
Chicago: Korcelli, Piotr, and Komornicki, Tomasz. "In Memoriam: Michael Wegener (1938-2024)". Europa XXI 48 (2025): 5. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.5
Harvard: Korcelli, P., & Komornicki, T. 2025. "In Memoriam: Michael Wegener (1938-2024)". Europa XXI, vol. 48, pp. 5. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.5
Articles
Consumer behavior on the organic products market in Poland and other EU countries
Europa XXI (2025) vol. 48, pp. 6
Abstract
The aim of the article is conducting a comparative analysis of the organic products market in Poland compared to the other European Union (EU) countries. Poland’s accession to the EU in 2004 had a profound effect on consumer awareness in the country, leading to a series of regulatory and legislative changes, as well as alterations in the availability of products and shifts in consumer behavior and decisions. The article presents research on the determinants of purchasing choices, the level of consumer awareness and the technical preparation of Poland in the context of sustainable development policy and the comparative analysis of organic products market between Poland and other EU countries.
Keywords: consumer behavior, ecological awareness, organic products market, European Union
[malgorzata.lawreszuk@ug.edu.pl], University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Economics Armii Krajowej 119, 81-824 Sopot: Poland
Citation
APA: Ławreszuk, M. (2025). Consumer behavior on the organic products market in Poland and other EU countries. Europa XXI, 48, 6. https://doi.org/
MLA: Ławreszuk, Małgorzata. "Consumer behavior on the organic products market in Poland and other EU countries". Europa XXI, vol. 48, 2025, pp. 6. https://doi.org/
Chicago: Ławreszuk, Małgorzata. "Consumer behavior on the organic products market in Poland and other EU countries". Europa XXI 48 (2025): 6. https://doi.org/
Harvard: Ławreszuk, M. 2025. "Consumer behavior on the organic products market in Poland and other EU countries". Europa XXI, vol. 48, pp. 6. https://doi.org/
How can comparative spatial planning studies contribute to European Union Cohesion?
Europa XXI (2025) vol. 48, pp. 10 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.10
Abstract
The aim of this article is to identify the relevance and possible application of comparative spatial-planning research in the context of the EU’s territorial cohesion themes. Research questions formulated were as follows: (1) what are the key considerations and methods for making comparisons between spatial planning systems?; (2) how is the legal and institutional context addressed in comparative research?; and (3) how can the comparative research on spatial-planning systems that is (or can be) carried out translate into the objectives of EU policy on territorial cohesion? This article represents an overview in the above context. It first relates the objectives and specificities of cohesion policy as defined in the literature to the research challenges. It then identifies the main reasons (also noted in the literature) for spatial-planning issues to be made subject to comparison, the methodological challenges in so doing, and the specificity present as legal and institutional conditions are compared. A basis is in this way provided for an indication of the relationship pertaining between comparative research and the development of territorial cohesion.
Keywords: territorial cohesion, comparison, spatial planning, Europe, law
[macnowak@zut.edu.pl], West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Economics, Department of Real Estate Żołnierska 47, 71-210 Szczecin: Poland
Citation
APA: Nowak, M. (2025). How can comparative spatial planning studies contribute to European Union Cohesion?. Europa XXI, 48, 10. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.10
MLA: Nowak, Maciej J.. "How can comparative spatial planning studies contribute to European Union Cohesion?". Europa XXI, vol. 48, 2025, pp. 10. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.10
Chicago: Nowak, Maciej J.. "How can comparative spatial planning studies contribute to European Union Cohesion?". Europa XXI 48 (2025): 10. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.10
Harvard: Nowak, M. 2025. "How can comparative spatial planning studies contribute to European Union Cohesion?". Europa XXI, vol. 48, pp. 10. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.10