Europa XXI (2025) vol. 48

Abstract

Brexit, or the voluntary withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from membership of the Euro pean Union (EU), is considered as one of the main events of the international arena in the twenty-first century. For the first time in its history, the EU faced the withdrawal of a member state, which stands out for a major political, economic and military role inside and outside Europe. Although as a process it has been finalized in 2021, the factors that had an impact on Brexit are still being discussed. One of the main factors that affected the British people’s vote to withdraw their country from EU membership was immi gration. As a result of the EU enlargements in 2004 and 2007, many people had the opportunity to come to Britain to work and live. The main purpose of this paper is to explain how the enlargements of the EU during the 2000s increased the number of Brexiteers in the UK. For the realization of the research, quali tative methods were used, based on the collection of primary and secondary data from the bibliography and credible internet sources related to the EU enlargement policies and Brexit. The research results have shown that the EU enlargements in 2004 and 2007 enabled hundreds of thousands of citizens from 12 Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries to come to Britain for a better welfare system. This was considered by some Britons as an abuse of free movement and a very serious threat to their future, while Brexit was seen by them as the only salvation from this situation. The conclusions of the paper aim to in crease the knowledge regarding the impact of the EU enlargement policies of the 2000s on very delicate processes, such as the decision of the UK to withdraw from the EU.

Keywords: European Union, 2000s enlargements, impact, United Kingdom, Brexit

Viona Rashica [vionarashica@hotmail.com], Faculty of Contemporary Social Sciences, South East European University Ilindenska n.335, 1200 Tetovo: North Macedonia

Citation

APA: Rashica, V. (2025). The United Kingdom’s Brexit decision in the context of the 2000s enlargements of the European Union. Europa XXI, 48, 1. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.1
MLA: Rashica, Viona. "The United Kingdom’s Brexit decision in the context of the 2000s enlargements of the European Union". Europa XXI, vol. 48, 2025, pp. 1. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.1
Chicago: Rashica, Viona. "The United Kingdom’s Brexit decision in the context of the 2000s enlargements of the European Union". Europa XXI 48 (2025): 1. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.1
Harvard: Rashica, V. 2025. "The United Kingdom’s Brexit decision in the context of the 2000s enlargements of the European Union". Europa XXI, vol. 48, pp. 1. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.1

Piotr Korcelli, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences
Tomasz Komornicki [t.komorn@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences

Citation

APA: Korcelli, P., & Komornicki, T. (2025). In Memoriam: Michael Wegener (1938-2024). Europa XXI, 48, 5. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.5
MLA: Korcelli, Piotr, and Komornicki, Tomasz. "In Memoriam: Michael Wegener (1938-2024)". Europa XXI, vol. 48, 2025, pp. 5. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.5
Chicago: Korcelli, Piotr, and Komornicki, Tomasz. "In Memoriam: Michael Wegener (1938-2024)". Europa XXI 48 (2025): 5. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.5
Harvard: Korcelli, P., & Komornicki, T. 2025. "In Memoriam: Michael Wegener (1938-2024)". Europa XXI, vol. 48, pp. 5. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.5

Abstract

The aim of this article is to identify the relevance and possible application of comparative spatial-planning research in the context of the EU’s territorial cohesion themes. Research questions formulated were as follows: (1) what are the key considerations and methods for making comparisons between spatial planning systems?; (2) how is the legal and institutional context addressed in comparative research?; and (3) how can the comparative research on spatial-planning systems that is (or can be) carried out translate into the objectives of EU policy on territorial cohesion? This article represents an overview in the above context. It first relates the objectives and specificities of cohesion policy as defined in the literature to the research challenges. It then identifies the main reasons (also noted in the literature) for spatial-planning issues to be made subject to comparison, the methodological challenges in so doing, and the specificity present as legal and institutional conditions are compared. A basis is in this way provided for an indication of the relationship pertaining between comparative research and the development of territorial cohesion.

Keywords: territorial cohesion, comparison, spatial planning, Europe, law

Maciej J. Nowak [macnowak@zut.edu.pl], West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Economics, Department of Real Estate Żołnierska 47, 71-210 Szczecin: Poland

Citation

APA: Nowak, M. (2025). How can comparative spatial planning studies contribute to European Union Cohesion?. Europa XXI, 48, 10. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.10
MLA: Nowak, Maciej J.. "How can comparative spatial planning studies contribute to European Union Cohesion?". Europa XXI, vol. 48, 2025, pp. 10. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.10
Chicago: Nowak, Maciej J.. "How can comparative spatial planning studies contribute to European Union Cohesion?". Europa XXI 48 (2025): 10. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.10
Harvard: Nowak, M. 2025. "How can comparative spatial planning studies contribute to European Union Cohesion?". Europa XXI, vol. 48, pp. 10. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2025.48.10